When Iran attacks neighboring countries, many observers react with confusion.
How could the Islamic Republic of Iran strike Muslim countries, they ask?
The question reflects a misunderstanding. Throughout modern Middle Eastern history, many of the region’s bloodiest conflicts have been Muslims fighting other Muslims. The idea of a unified “Muslim world” standing together against outsiders is largely a Western illusion.
Reality has always been far messier.
Muslims Fighting Muslims
One of the deadliest wars in the modern Middle East was the Iran–Iraq War. From 1980 to 1988, two Muslim-majority states fought a brutal conflict that killed hundreds of thousands and wounded millions. Both sides invoked Islam. It did nothing to prevent the slaughter.
More recently, the Syrian civil war has killed roughly 500,000 people, most of them Muslims, as factions divided along sectarian and political lines tore the country apart.
But these are far from isolated examples. Modern history is filled with wars in which Muslims killed other Muslims on a massive scale.
Major Muslim-vs-Muslim Conflicts
- Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
~500,000–1,000,000 killed
Shia Iran vs Sunni-led Iraq in one of the deadliest wars in modern Middle Eastern history. - Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
~500,000+ killed
Assad regime, Sunni rebel groups, ISIS, and other militias fighting largely Muslim populations. - Yemen Civil War (2014–present)
~350,000+ killed (including famine and disease tied to the war)
Iranian-backed Houthis vs Saudi-backed Yemeni government. - Sudan / Darfur conflicts (2003–present phases)
~300,000+ killed
Fighting largely between Muslim militias and factions within Sudan. - ISIS war in Iraq and Syria (2013–2019)
~200,000+ killed
ISIS fighting governments and populations that were overwhelmingly Muslim. - Algerian Civil War (1991–2002)
~150,000–200,000 killed
Islamist insurgents vs Algerian government. - Iraq sectarian civil war (2006–2008 peak)
~100,000–200,000 killed
Sunni and Shia militias fighting for control after the fall of Saddam Hussein. - Black September in Jordan (1970–1971)
~3,000–10,000 killed
Jordanian army crushing Palestinian militant groups operating inside Jordan. - Hamas–Fatah conflict (2006–2007)
~600–1,000 killed
Palestinian factions fighting for control of Gaza.
Together, these conflicts account for millions of deaths, overwhelmingly among Muslims themselves.
Palestinians Killing Palestinians; Israel Arabs Killing Israeli Arabs
Even movements that claim to represent a single people often turn their guns inward.
In 2007, Hamas violently seized Gaza from Fatah, executing rivals and throwing some from rooftops in a bloody Palestinian power struggle.
The same pattern appears inside Israel.
Most Israeli Arabs who die from violence are killed by other Israeli Arabs, usually in criminal or clan disputes rather than in conflict with Jews.
Internal violence, not confrontation with Israel, accounts for the majority of these deaths.
Power Over Solidarity
Western observers often assume shared religion should produce political unity.
But the Middle East repeatedly shows otherwise.
Persians compete with Arabs.
Arabs compete with Turks.
Sunni compete with Shia.
Power, rivalry, and survival drive politics far more than religious solidarity.
A Familiar Pattern
Seen in this context, Iran attacking Muslim countries is not surprising.
It follows a long-standing regional pattern: Muslim states and factions frequently fight one another.
The Middle East’s wars are not unique. They follow the same rule that has governed politics everywhere:
Nations and movements fight for power and dominance—even when they share the same faith.


















